Thinking Questions 5

Something I've been wondering about recently has only boggled my mind thus far. What is diffusion? OK, so I understand the concept of diffusion fine, so perhaps a more specific question is necessary:

Why does diffusion occur, and does it apply to all concepts? We all know that there is a basic force in the universe which causes any given substance to disseminate throughout whatever container is containing it. We all also likely know that the current explanation is of general results of random actions by individual components. Examples range from as academic to diffusion of gas particles through a medium to as esoteric as diffusion of populace, wealth, wildlife habitat, the clothes in my dresser, knowledge from my brain, etc.

Those last couple are just jokes, but knowledge diffusion is not a joke. There is theorized (and correct me if my knowledge of current theory is incorrect/outdated) some method of information conductance in the universe that allows paired particles at theorized large (astronomical) distances apart to communicate their charge or spin. OK, so this is a vastly simplified explanation, more for my sanity than yours. In any case, theoretically, if one such particle of a pair at one end of the universe flips its spin, its partner at the other end of the universe simultaneously recognizes and responds by flipping its spin. How is this possible?

I learned about this thought experiment so long ago that it is likely completely garbled and wrong, but the gist is that there are theorized information particles that clearly do move more quickly the speed of light and whatnot in order to transfer the information between the pair. These information particles are thought to convey information between all other particles to validate interactions. Do these also diffuse? If so, does this mean that specific particles are governing the interactions between these particles already meant to govern the interaction of higher particles? And of course, then we wonder if the information particles of information particles diffuse, etc.

Perhaps I should just read up more current ideas instead of trying to understand things in my own mixed up way.

Here's the second question: What is the smallest possible distance? What is the largest possible distance? Is there some universal relationship between the two?

And so that our heads don't explode: Do you like cold temperatures more or hot temperatures more? Do you like cool temperatures more or warm temperatures more?